SOMERVILLE 
SERIES 



TjlE BRITON^ 

AiyHED HISTORY OF ENGLAND 

AND 

THE ^OViilH, ENGLISH AHD GERMAN DATES, 

TOGETHER WITH 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 




■/■%.-j,t-;»ftSi 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

©i^ajt.- ©op^ngi^t !|ii,..-.L.. 

Shelf i.hii 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



y 



THE BRITONS. 



Son^erVille Series. 



MEMORY EXERCISES, 
II. 




tiE K}To;^5 



AND 

THE ROMAN, ENGLISH' AND GERMAN 



DATES, 



TOGETHER WITH 



G-ENERAL Questions 



BRENTANO'S : 

New Yokk, 

Chicago, London, 

Washington, Paris. 



\ , 



^ 







THE LIBRARY 
OF CONGRESS 

WASHINGTON 



Copyright, 1889, 

By BRENTANOU 

All Rights Reserved 



' * The object of studying dates is to train the memory to act with 
rapidity and accuracy 

TJie study of verses improves verbal memory, .... 

The memory attains its height about the time that the body does. If 
it is not strong then, its quantity and quality cannot be much improved. 
The judgment begins to show growth just about the time that the mem- 
ory reaches its height. The memory, then, should be disciplined in 
^arly youth, systematically and evenly. It should be neither starved 
•nor crammed. " . 

Practical Philosophy. 

somerville series. 



PREFACE. 

The following rhymes have been in daily use in 
our school for nearly twenty years. Any child able 
to learn ^'The House That Jack Built," on which 
immortal master-piece they have been modelled, is 
old enough to begin to learn '' The Britons." They 
make an admirable memory exercise. The jingle 
of the doggerel catches the ear of children, and thus 
they take in readily, and long retain, a body of- 
history which, in later life, becomes of value. 

It would be right to give honour where honour is. 
due, if the authorship could now be ascertained. 
More than forty years ago a faithful governess 
taught a rhymed English history, orally, to a small 
pupil. When, in the course of human events, it be- 
came her lot to ^^ teach the young idea how to shoot, '^ 
these stanzas were written out, chiefly from mem- 
ory, and no doubt with many imperfections. Since 
then, here and there a line has been altered or 
added, sometimes by the teacher, quite as often by 
the pupils of successive classes. These emenda- 
tions are then our joint workmanship. 

Many of those children are now honoured matrons 
in the land. It is their turn to train the young 



iv. PREFACE. 

minds committed to their care; and it is because of 
their reiterated requests that this edition is set forth. 
It is easy to see that the history might be re- written 
and improved, but if it were done it would spoil 
it for them. This, then, is neither the original, 
nor yet the best possible version, it is simply the 
one so often copied by these little restless fingers 
and said, or sung, by our children. The English 
dates, and lines of kings, are those with which 
they are familiar. To the weekly recitation of 
them, "backwards, forwards, and skipping," they 
acknowledge that they owe much of their accuracy 
and promptness of memory. 

Though not properly belonging to this volume, 
the General Questions and the Dates at present in 
use in the school, have been added for the conve- 
nience of its members. 

These pupils have also asked for the short historic 
tales with which they were rewarded whenever the 
class had learned one of the reigns. So far, leisure 
has not been found for their preparation. One day, 
perhaps, they also may be put into shape. It is very 
sure that no wish of these dear children is ever will- 
ingly disregarded by Their loving 

August, 1889. Teacher, 



CONTENTS. 



** The Britons," History of England in Verse . page 1 

English Dates, ...... 23 

Lines of Kings, and their Wives, . . . .28 

J.iOngest and Shortest Reigns, .... 31 

Sovereigns of England, in one Stanza, . . .33 

Order of Succession, ..... 33 

Homan Dates, . . . . . . .38 

Eoman Emperors, by Centuries, .... 46 

Emperors of Germany, . . . . . .48 

Prussia, and New German Empire, ... 51 

General Information on Ruling Families of Europe, . 53 

The Napoleon Dynasty, ..... 55 

The Orleans Family, . . ' . . . .58 

The Spanish Royal Family ..... 63 

Portugal, . . . . . . . .63 

Italy, r64 

Austria-Hungary, . . . . . .64 

Russia, . . . ... . .65 

Sweden and Norway . . . . . .65 

Denmark, . . . . . . .66 

Belgium, . . . . . • .66 

Holland, . . ..... 67 



X. 



CONTENTS. 



Greece, ..... 

General Questions, 

Greek and Latin Names of Greater Gods, 

Tlie Graces, . . , . 

The Fates, 

The Nine Muses, 

The Twelve Labors of Hercules, 

The Seven Wonders of the World, 

The Seven Decisive Battles, 

The Seven Champions of Christendom, 

The Seven Great Epic Poets, 

The Seven Wise Men of Greece, . 

The Seven Hills of Rome, 

The Seven Great Crusades, 



PAGE 67 
69 

. m 

70 

. 7a 

70 
. 71 

71 
. 73 

73 
• 74 

74 
. 74 

75^ 



THE BRITONS, 



I. 



[FtT^IRST came the Britons, a barbarous race, 
'^ Chiefly employed in war and the chase, 
Who dwelt in "Merrie Olde England." 



II. 




(^^^HEN came the Romans, a people bold. 
Most warlike of all the nations old ; 
They conquered the Britons, a barbarous 

[race, etc. 

III. 

^HE Picts and Scots, beyond the Tweed, 
Invaded the Britons that help did need. 
Feeling of power and hope bereft 
When by the Roman legions left 
Through Goths and Vandals, tribes of the North,, 
From forest and mountain sallying forth 
Subduing the Romans, once so bold, etc. 




^ THE BRITONS. 

IV. 

^ UTES, Saxons and Angles, from Germany's 

[shore, 
Came at King Vortigern's summons o'er, 
Drove Picts and Scots beyond the Tweed, 
Who mvaded the Britons, etc. 

V. 

HEPTARCHY. 

^HESE are the kingdoms the Saxons framed. 
Seven in number, the Heptarchy named : 
Kent, East Angha, Sussex, Essex, 
And Northumberland, Mercia, and Wessex. 
When the natives, v^ho long for their country had 

striven. 
At last to the mountains of Wales were driven, 
Jutes, Saxons, and Angles, etc. 

YI. 

EGBERT. 

827. 
N Wessex rose Egbert, whom w^e call 

First king of England. He reigned over all 
The petty kingdoms the Saxons framed. 
Seven in number, etc. 





THE BRITONS. 'S 

VII. 
ALFRED THE GREAT. 

871. 

LFEED the Great, both brave and wise, 
Like a bright star in the dark did rise. 
He labored incessantly to assuage 
The fury and vice of a barbarous age. 

He quelled the Danes, v^ho, with ruthless hand^ 

Carried fire and sword throughout the land. 

Grandson of Egbert, whom we call 

First king of England, etc. 

VHI. 

THE DANISH LINE. 

^HESE are the Danes on the throne that sat r 
First Canute, who is called the Great ; 
Then, two of his sons to him succeed ; 
Harold called Harefoot, because of his speed;. 

The last of his race is Hardicanute, 

Whose grossness with royalty little did suit. 

The Danish power had stronger grown, 

And Saxons been often overthrown, 

Since the days of great Alfred, brave and wise, etc. 




^ 



n 




THE BRITONS. 

IX. 

1066. 

BATTLE was fought upon Hastings Plain, 
Where Harold the King by an arrow was 

slain, 
While Saxons and Normans in combat mix 
Jn the year one thousand and sixty-six. 
Harold, earl Godwin, was successor 
To Edward, by Saxons called the Confessor. 
He followed three Danes, on the throne that sat, 
etc. 



NORMAN LINE. 
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. 

1066. 

ylLLIAM the Conqueror, stern and bold, 
Ordered the curfew bell to be tolFd, 
He caused the Domesday Book to be made, 
And the Norman feudal laws obeyed. 
He won the great battle of Hastings Plain, 
"Where Harold, the King, etc. 



THE BRITONS. 5 

XI. 
WILLIAM RUFUS. 

1087. 

ylLLIAM called Eufus, which signifies red, 
Was a prince of bad manners and morals, 
['tis said. 
His throne by his quickness in traveling he 

[won 
From his brother Kobert, the eldest son 
Of William the Conqueror, stern and bold, 
Who ordered the Curfew, etc. 

XII. 

HENRY I. 

1100. 
ENRY, called Beauclerc, in learning skilled, 
Eeigned when his brother by chance was 

[knied, 
WiUiam, called Rufus, etc. 

XIII. 

STEPHEN. 
1135. 
/STEPHEN seized on the throne, and civil strife 
With the Empress Maud wasted treasure and 

[life, 
After Henry the First in learning skilled^ etc. 




I 



THE BRITONS, 
XIV. 

PLANTAGENET LINE, . 
HENRY II. 
1154. 

ENRY the Second was wise and great, 
Yet sorrow reached his high estate. 
From Thomas a Beket much trouble grew, 
Whom at church the king's attendants 

[slew. 
For this the King, without complaint. 
Was scourged at the shrine of the new-made saint. 

XV. 

RICHARD I. 
11'89. 





^HEN came King Richard of Lion Heart, 
Who in Palestine played a warlike part. 
The Germans in prison did him detain. 
At the siege of Chains, in France, he was 

[slain. 
Son of Henry the Second, wise and great, etc. 



THE BBITONS. 

XVI. 

JOHN LACKLAND. 

1199. 



<^p^HEN came the weak and wicked King John, 
(i^^, Whose barons combined and strongly con- 
^^ [tended 

To cripple the power the sovereign defended. 
His crown to the Pope, through fear, he resigned, 
And famed Magna Charta at Runnymede signed. 
Brother of Richard of Lion Heart, etc. 

xvn. 

HENRY m. 

1216. 

HEN came Henry the Third from whose life 

[we find. 
He was like his fa' her, despotic in mind. 
Earl Simon de Montfort,for freedom to strive. 
The first Parliament smnmoned in twelve sixty-five. 
This King reigned the longest of any but one. 
Son of the weak and wicked King John, etc. 




THE BRITONS. 

XVIII. 

EDWARD I. 

12Y2. 

^HEN came Edward the First, of lengthy limb, 
Wales was annexed to the realm by him. 
He warred with the Scots whom he often 

[beat, 
Yet Wallace and Bruce rallied under defeat. 
Son of Henry the First, from whose life we find, etc. 

XIX. 

EDWARD II. 
1307. 





^HEN came Edward the Second, whose deeds 

[evince 
That he was a silly and dastardly Prince. 
Defeated by Scotsmen at Bannockburn, 
And home with disgrace compelled to return. 
A cowardly murder concluded his days. 
His fate we must pity, his life cannot praise. 
Son of Edward the First, etc. 



THE BRITONS. ' 9 

XX. 

EDWARD III. 

1327. 
HEN came Edward, the flower of chivalry, 
The third of his name ; who, with his great 

[son, 

The battles of Cressy and Poictiers won. 
A fifty years' reign to this monarch was given, 
He died thirteen hundred and seventy-seven. 
;Son of Edward the Second, etc. 

XXI. 

RICHARD II. 

1377. ' 





>HEN came Richard the Second, an unhappy 

[king. 
Whose reign did many misfortunes bring. 
He was born at Bordeaux, at Pontefract* he 

[pined. 
Where usurping Bolingbroke kept him confined. 
'The son of the Black Prince, and grandson was he 
Of Edward, the flower of chivalry, etc. 

* Pronounce Pumfret. 



1^ THE BRITONS, 

HOUSE OF LANCASTER 

XXII. 

HENRY. IV. 

1399. 




HEN came Henry the Fourth, called Boling- 

[broke, 
Son of John of Gaunt, the Lancastrian duke^ 
Hotspur and Glendower in rebellion arose, 
But Henry was victor over all of his foes. 
Both warlike and wise until death he retained 
The power which by force from his cousin he gained 
From Kichard the Second, an unhappy king, etc. 

XXIII. 

HENRY V. 

1413. 

^HEN came Harry the Fifth, a hero as bold 
As any of whom in romance we are told. 
He fought with the French upon Agincourt 

[field, 
The whole of that kingdom to him did yield ; 
He died after Paris succumbed to his yoke ; 
Son of Henry the Fourth, called Bolingbroke, etc. 




THE BRITONS. 11 

XXIV. 

HENRY VI. 

1422. 

ENRY the Sixth, meek, timid, and mild. 

Ascended the throne when a httle child. 

The whole of his reign with trouble was 

[dark. 

And France was reconquered by Joan of Arc. 
The Wars of the Roses, White and Red, 
Oaused rivers of English blood to be shed; 
Prince Edward (his son), and the king beside. 
By the hands of cruel assassins died. 
Son of Harry the Fifth, a hero as bold, etc. 

HOUSE OF YORK. 

XXV. 

EDWARD IV. 

1461. 

-^^p^HEN reign'd Edward the Fourth, of handsome 

[mien, 
In whose time the first English printing was 

[seen. 
Of the house of York, his forces prevailed. 
When they the Lancastrian troops assailed. 
Successor to Henry, meek, timid, and mild, etc. 




12 THE BRITONS. 

XXVL 

EDWARD V. 
1483. 

>HEN came Edward the Fifth, poor hapless? 

[boy, 
Confined in the Tower with Eichard his 

[brother, 
An assassin was sent the young princes to smother,. 
Sons of Edward the Fourth, of handsome mien, etc^ 

XXVII. 

RICHARD HI. 

1483. 

(^^HEN came Eichard the Third, who in fighfc 

[was killed, 
A monster as frightful in body and mind, 
As ever was suffered to plague mankind. 

Eichard spared neither kinsman, nor foe, nor friend„ 

To compass his wicked, ambitious end. 

His own little nephews he did destroy, 

One was Edward the Fifth, poor hapless boy, etc. 





THE BRITONS. 13 

TUDOR LINE. 

XXVIII. 

HENRY VII. 

1485. ' 
>HEN came Henry the Seventh of Tudor hne. 
Two insurrections disturbed his reign, 
But courage and vigilance made them vain. 
The heiress of York, Henry took as his wife. 
Thus ends of the Koses the long civil strife. 
Arts, commerce, and peace, began to increase 
After the great battle of Bosworth field. 
Where Eichard the Third in fight was kiUed, etc. 
XXIX. 

HENRY Vin. 

1509. . 
^HEN came Henry the Eighth, who married 

[six w4ves. 
Two w^ere divorced and two lost their lives 
By the headsman's axe. Gross, cruel, and 

[proud, 
A tyrant was he, with few virtues endowed. 
It was during his reign that the Enghsh nation 
In Parliament sanctioned the Reformation. 
He was crowned in the year fifteen hundred and nine 
Son of Henry the Seventh of Tudor line, etc. 




14 THE BRITONS. 

XXX. 

EDWARD VI. 

1547. 

<^^HEN came the reign of that excellent youth, 
,//^^ Whose childhood was given to learning and 
^P [truth, 

Young Edward the Sixth. Only sixteen 

[was he; • 
When he died in the year fifteen fifty-three. 
Son of Henry the Eighth, etc. 

XXXI. 

MARY. 

1553. 

)HEN came Bloody Mary, wife of Philip of 

[Spain. 
Five years was the length of her unhappy 

[reign. 
iCranmer, Ridley, and Latimer burned at the stake 
/With hundreds of martyrs, for religion's sake. 
The kingdom, in her days, with trouble was tossed. 
In war unsuccessful, and Calais was lost.- 
Half-sister was she to that excellent youth, etc. 





THE BRITONS. 15 

XXXII. 

ELIZABETH. 

1558. 
)HEN came Elizabeth^ England's boast. 
The Spanish Armada invaded her coast, 
Its storm- shattered remnants, escaped from 

[the fight, 
Hurried homeward to Spain in a pitiful plight. 
Long and splendid her reign, yet it bears a dark stain, 
Queen Mary of Scots by her mandate was slain. 
Unmarried Elizabeth lived and died. 
Half-sister was she, by the father's side, 
To Mary, who married King Philip of Spain, etc. 

STUART LINE. 

xxxiii; 

JAMES I. 

1603. 
HEN came James the First, since whose time 

[we remember 
The Gunpowder Plot on the Fifth of No- 

[vember. 
Then England and Scotland united became. 
As James to both sceptres had lineal claim, 
On the death of Elizabeth, England's boast, etc. 




16 THE BRITONS. 

XXXIV. 

CHARLES I. 

1625. 




)HEN came Charles the First, who lost his heady 
After Roundheads had triumphed and Cava- 
liers fled. 

Disputes had arisen and to war King Charles- 

[went 
With his unruly, regicide Parliament. 
Son of King James, since whose time we remember, 
etc. 

XXXV. 

THE COMMONWEALTH. 

OLIVER CROMWELL. 

1653. 

^LIVER CROMWELL, the State's director, 

(i )) The Commonwealth ruled as Lord Protector. 

^^ He rose from a private gentleman's station 

By courage and cunning. He governed the 

[nation 
As Puritan chief, with an iron hand. 
Victories he won, by sea and by land. 
When King Charles the First had lost his head, etc. 




THE BRITONS. IT 

XXXVI. 

CHARLES II. 

1660. 
'ING CHAELES the Second was then elevated 
On Great Britain's throne. He was wild, 

[dissipated, 
^ Merry-hearted and vain, prizing power above 

[law. 

Then England some, dreadful calamities saw ; 
The plague devastated both country and town ; 
In sixteen sixty-six, half of London burned down. 
Charles's reign lasted twenty-five years, and began 
Less than two from the death of that ambitious man,. 
OHver Cromwell, the State's director, etc 

XXXVII. 

JAMES II. 

1686. 
'ill AMES the Second had to abdicate 

In the year sixteen hundred and eighty-eight. 
Monmouth's rebellion, and Jeffrey's assize, 
^^^ And bishops in prison, had broken all ties. 
His Protestant kingdom refused to obey 
When he tried to restore the Romish sway. 
He was brother to Charles who was elevated, etc. 



18 THE BRITONS. 

XXXVIII. 

WILLIAM AND MARY. 

1689. 

ylLLIAM and Mary of Orange Nassau 
Were jointly made sovereigns, for so read 
[the law. 
' The Bank of England was then begun, 

And the Grand Alliance great victories won. 
Jle was valiant in battle, in council most keen. 
An obedient wife Mary was, though a queen, 
Daughter of James, forced to abdicate, etc. 

XXXIX. 

ANNE. 

1702. 
^UEEN ANNE, the last Sovereign of Stuart 

[race. 
Was feeble in mind though pleasing in face. 
Wits and writers flourished, and on history's 
IBer reign is termed an Augustan age. [page 

Whig and Tory dissensions attained a great height; 
Harlborough was conqueror at Blenheim's fight. 
Saint Paul's cathedral was rebuilt by Wren 
In the year of our Lord seventeen hundred and ten. 
After William and Mary of Orange Nassau, etc. 





THE BRITONS. 19 

HANOVERIAN LINE. 
XL. 

GEORGE I. 
1714. 

)HEN came King George, the First of his name, 
In whose time the Pretender to Peterhead 

[came, 

But finding there was but a slender chance 
To conquer Great Britain, returned to France. 
His followers, unable the troops to withstand. 
As traitors proscribed, lost their lives and their land/ 
And the throne to the House of Hanover went. 
As laid down in the Act of Settlement. 
Queen Anne, the last Sovereign of Stuart race, etc. 

XLI. 

GEORGE II. 

1727. 
^HEN reigned George the Second of Brunswick 

[kings. 
Charles Edward in Scotland his gauntlet- 

[flings. 
Successful at first, till Culloden's defeat 
Forced the Young Pretender to final retreat. 





-20 THE BRITONS. 

Now was Canada conquered, and India subdued, 
And Anson's brave sailors their foemen pursued. 
Son of King George, the first of his name, etc. 

XLII. 

GEORGE III. 

1760. 
^HEN came George the Third, who was Eng- 

[Hsh born. 
For sixty long years his crown was worn. 
The Americans fought for their freedom and 
By the Eeign of Terror was France undone, [won. 
And Europe, enslaved, did to Bonaparte yield, 
Till Wellington conquered on Waterloo field. 
Grandson to the second of Brunswick kings, etc. 

XLIII. 

GEORGE IV. 
1820. 

yHEN George the Fourth ascended the throne. 
Ten years he had ruled, as Prince Eegent 
[known 
While the old king, his father, was counted 

[insane. 
'Then troubles were brewing; Eef orm started in vain. 



THE BRITONS. 21 

'Though Cathohc Emancipation was passed. 
All England was quickly with gloom overcast ; 
Princess Charlotte, its heiress, Prince Leopold's 

[bride, 
And the king's only daughter, in early youth died. 
.He was Son to King George, who was English born, 
etc. 



XLIV. 

WILLIAM IV. 

1830. 

came William the Fourth, the Sailor 

[King, 
While dissensions and riots confusion bring. 
The working-people were unemployed, 
The Parliament House was by fire destroyed. 
Erom Liverpool to London the first railway was 

[laid. 
The Keform Bill, at last, was successfully made. 
When King George, his brother, ascended the 

[throne, etc. 




22 THE BRITONS. 

XLV. 
VICTORIA. 

1837. 

t^^HEN came Victoria, only eighteen, 

|g^^ When her uncle's death made her Britain's 

^^^ [Queen. 

To Albert, Prince Consort, she was a true^ 

[wife. 
Within and without, in peace or in strife. 
May the honour of England be safe in her hand. 
And her people defend it by sea and by land. 
O'er the land of our forefathers, long may she reign 
And the world by Old England's example gain. 



ENGLISH DATES. 

B.C. 55. Eoman Invasion. 
A.D. 449. Saxon Invasion. 

597. Christianity introduced. 

827. Egbert, first king of all England. 

^ 871. Alfred the Great began to reign. 

1017. Canute, first of the Danish line. 

1041. Edward the Confessor. 

1066. Norman Conquest. 

1096. First Crusade. 

1291. Last Crusade. 

1066. Wilham the Conqueror began to reign, 

1087. Wilham Rufus. 

1100. Henry I. 

1135. Stephen. 

1154. Henry II., First Plantagenet king. 

1189. Richard Coeur de Lion. 

1199. John Lackland. 

1216. Henry in. 

1272. Edward L 

1307. Edward IL 

1327. Edward III. 

1377. Richard IL 

1172. Ireland annexed. 



24 ENGLISH DA TES. 

1215. Magna Chart a signed by Jolm. 
1282. Wales annexed. 
1314. Battle 'of Bannockburn. 
1340. Gunpowder invented. 
1346. Battle of Cressy. 
1356. Battle of Poictiers. 
1376. Black Prince died. 
1415. Battle of Agincourt. 
1431. Maid of Orleans burnt. 
. 1399. Henry IV. ascended the throne. 
1413. Henry V. 
1422. Henry VI. 

1471. Printing introduced into England. 
1471. Lancastrians defeated at Tewksburyc 
1461. Edward IV. ascended the throne. 
1483. Edward V. 
1483. Eichardlll. 
1483. Murder of the little Princes. 
1485. Battle of Bosworth Field. 
1485. Henry VII. began to reign. 
1509. Henry VIII. 
1547. Edward VI. 
1553. Mary. 
1558. Elizabeth. 
1513. Flodden Field. 



ENGLISH DATES. 25 

1520. Field of the Cloth of Gold. 

1529. Reformation accomplished. 

1536. Anne Boleyn beheaded. 

1540. First authorized English Bible printed. 

1554. Lady Jane Grey beheaded. 

1555. Eidley and Latimer burnt. 

1556. Cranmer burnt. 

1572. Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. 

1580. Sir Francis Drake sailed round the world. 

158T. Mary Queen of Scots beheaded. 

1588. Spanish Armada destroyed. 

1603. James I. of England, and VI. of Scotland 

1625. Charles I. 

1660. Charles XL 

1685. James 11. 

1689. William and Mary of Orange. 

1702. Anne. 

1605. Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot. 

1640. Long Parliament. 

1644. Great Rebelhon. 

1649. King Charles beheaded. 

1653. Oliver Cromwell made Protector. 

1658. Oliver Cromwell died. 

1660. Restoration of Charles II. 

1666. London Plague. 



26 ENGLISH DATES. 

1666. Great Fire in London. 

1688. Landing of the Prince of Orange. 

ITOI. James II. died in exile. 

1704. Battle of Blenheim. 

1707. Union of England and Scotland. 

1710. Eebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral. 

1714. Queen Anne died. 

1714. George I. of the Hanover Line. 
1727. George IL 

1760. George in. 
1820. George IV. 
1830. William IV. 
1837. Victoria. 

1715. First rising in favor of the old Pretender^ 
James Francis. 

1745. Second rising in favor of the young Pre- 
tender, Charles Edward. 

1746. Battle of Culloden. 

1776. Declaration of Independence, Fourth of July, 

1793. Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette guillo- 
tined. 

1801. Union of England and Ireland. 

1805. Battle of Trafalgar and death of Nelson. 

1812. Second Vs^ar with the United States. 

1812. Battle of Salamanca. 



ENGLISH DA TES. 27 

1815. Battle of New Orleans, 8th of January. 

1815. Battle of Waterloo, 18th of June. 

1817. Princess Charlotte died. 

1821. Death of Bonaparte. 

1829. Catholic Emancipation Bill. 

1832. Eeform Bill passed. 

1840, Victoria married Prince Albert. 

1854. Crimean War. 

1856. Peace with Kussia. 



LINES OF KINGS, 

I. — Norman Line. 88 years. 

1066. William the Conqueror— Matilda of glan- 
ders. 
108T. William Kufus. 

1100 Henrvl 5 1st, Matilda Atheling. 
IIUU. ±ienry i. | ^d, Adeliza of Louvaine. 

1135. Stephen— Matilda of Boulogne. 

II.— Plantagenet Line. 245 years. 



1154. Henry II. — Eleanor of Aquitaine. 
1189. Eichard Coeur de Lion— Berengaria of Na- 
varre. 
ii^n T 1. T 11 A \ 1st, Isabel of Gloucester. 
1199. John Lackland | ^^/ig^^el of Angouleme. 

1216. Henry III. — Eleanor of Provence. 
■io/rn TT-;! ^ T ( Ist, Eleauor of Castlle. 
1272. Edward I. | ^d/Margaret of France. 

1307. Edward 11. —Isabella of France. 

1327. Edward HI.— Phihppa of Hainault. 

-.o^^ -D- u ^ TT ( 1st, Anne of Bohemia. 
1377. Eichard H. ^d, Isabel of Orleans. 



LINES OF KINGS. 29 

in. — Lancastrian Li?^e. 62 years. 

1399. Henry IV. j J^^' f ^^T de Bohun. 

-^ I 2d, J oanna of Navarre. 

1413. Henry V. — Katharine of France. 
1422. Henry VI. — Margaret of Anjou. 

TV. — House of York. 24 years. 

1461. Edward TV.— Elizabeth Wydevile. 

1483. Edward V 

1485. Eichard III. —Anne Neville. 

V. — Tudor Line. U 8 years. 

1485. Henry VII.— Elizabeth of York. 

( 1st, Katharine of Arragon. 
•< 2d, Anne Boleyn. 

1509 Henrv VITI ' ^^^' '^^^^^ Seymour. 
I5uy. neniy vill. ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ Cleves. 

< 5th, Katharine Howard. 

( 6th, Katharine Parr. 
1547. Edward VI. 
1553. Mary.— PhHip of Spain, 
1558, Elizabeth. 



so LINES OF KINGS. 

VI. — Stuart Line. Ill years. 

1603. James I. — Anne of Denmark. 
1625. Charles I. — Henrietta Maria of France. 
Interregnum of eleven years. 
Oliver Cromwell, 1653 to 1658. 
1660. Charles II. — Katharine of Braganza. 

( 1st, Anne Hyde. 
1685. James II. < 2d, Mary Beatrice d'Este of 
( Modena. 

1689. William and Mary ot Orange. 
1702. Anne. — George of Denmark. 

VII. — Hanoverian Line. 175 years. 

1714. George I.— Sophia Dorothea of Zell. 

1727. George II. — Caroline of Anspach. 

1760. George III.— Charlotte of Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz. 

1820. George IV. — Caroline of Brunswick 

1830. William IV.— Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. 

1837. Victoria.— Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 

The Hanoverian line began to reign August 2d, 
1714. Queen Victoria, born May 24th, 1819, as- 
cended the throne June 20th, 1837. The heir-ap- 



LINES OF KINGS. 3L 

parent is Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, born 
JSFovember 9th, 1841. He married March 10th, 1863, 
Alexandra of Denmark, born December 1st, 1844. 
Their eldest son. Prince Victor of Wales, was born 
January 8th, 1864. Their second son. Prince 
George of Wales, was born June 3d, 1865. 

LONGEST REIGNS. 

George III 60 years 

Henry III 56 years 

Edward III 50 years 

Yictoria 52 years 

Elizabeth .„ 45 years 

SHORTEST REIGNS. 

Edward V a few months 

Richard III • 2 years 

James H 4 years 

Mary , 5 years 

Edward VI 6 years 



SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. 

First William, the Norman; then William, his son;. 
Henry, Stephen, and Henry, then Richard and 

John; 
Next Henry the third, Edwards one, two and 

three ; 
And again, after Richard, three Henries we see;, 
Two Edwards, third Richard, if rightly I guess; 
Two Henries ; sixth Edward ; Queen Mary ; Queem 

^656* ; 

Then Jamie, the Scotchman ; then Charles, whom 

they slew, 
Yet received after Cromwell, another Charles too. 
Next James, the second ascended the throne; 
Tlien William and Mary together came on; 
Till Anne, Georges four and fourth William, all 

past, 
God sent Queen Victoria, may she long be the last ! 



ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 

1. William the Conqueror was succeeded by his 
third and second surviving son, 

2. William Kufus, v^ho was succeeded by his 
younger brother, 

3. Henry I. , who was succeeded by the third son 
of his sister Adela, Countess of Blois, fourth 
daughter of William the Conqueror, 

4. Stephen, who usurped the throne of his cousin, 
the Empress Matilda, who had married 
secondly Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of An- 
jou. He was succeeded by her son, 

5. Henry H. , who was succeeded by his third and 
eldest surviving son, 

6. Richard I., when the crown was assumed (in 
defiance of the right of Arthur, son of the 
elder brother Geoffrey), by his youngest 
brother, 

7. John Lackland, who was succeeded by his 
elder son, 

8. Henry HI., who was succeeded by his third 
and eldest surviving son, 

9. Edward I., who w^as succeeded by his third 
and eldest surviving son, 



^4: ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 

10. Edward II., who was succeeded by his eldest 
son, 

11. Edward III., who (having survived the Black 
Prince, his eldest son), was succeeded by his 
grandson, 

12. Eichard 11., who being deposed and murdered, 
the throne was usurped by his cousin, the 
eldest son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancas- 
ter (third son of Edward III. ), 

13. Henry IV., who was succeeded by his eldest 
son, 

14. Henry V. , who was succeeded by his only son, 

15. Henry VI., who was deposed, and was suc- 
ceeded by his cousin, son of Eichard, Duke of 
York, and grandson of Edmund, Duke of 
York and of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, fourth 
and second sons of Edward III., ancestors of 

16. Edward IV., of York, who was succeeded by 
his son, 

17. Edward V., deposed and murdered, and his 
crown usurped by his uncle, 

18. Eichard III., killed at Bosworth Field, when 
the victor, the earl of Eichmond, great-great- 
grandson of John of Gaunt and Katharine 
Swynford, and grandson of Katharine of 



ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 35 

France (widow of Henry V.) and of Owen 
Tudor, took the crown by right of conquest as, 

19. Henry VH., who married EHzabeth, eldest 
daughter of Edward IV., and was succeeded 
by their second and eldest surviving son, 

20. Henry VHI. , who was succeeded by his third 
and only surviving son (by Jane Seymour, his 
third wife), 

21. Edward VI., who was succeeded by his half- 
sister, daughter of Katharine of Arragon, 

22. Mary, who was succeeded by her half-sister, 
daughter of Anne Boleyn, 

23. Elizabeth, who w^as succeeded by her cousin, 
who was only son of Henry Darnley, by his 
wife Mary, Queen of Scots, only daughter of 
James V., by his w^ife Mary of Guise, who 
was third and eldest surviving son of James 
IV. and Margaret, eldest daughter of King 
Henry VII. of England, whose great-great- 
grandson became thus 

24. James I. of England and VI. of Scotland, 
w^ho was succeeded by his second and eldest 
surviving son, 

25. Charles L, who w-as beheaded. After an in- 
terregnum of eleven years the Crown was re- 



;36 ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 

stored to his second and eldest surviving son, 

26. Charles II., who was succeeded by his young- 
er brother, 

27. James II., who abdicated, and the crown was 
g^ssumed by the elder of his two surviving 
daughters (by his first wife, Anne Hyde), 
Mary, who conjointly with her husband, 
nephew of James II. (his sister Mary having 
married the Prince of Orange and their son, 
William, having married his cousin Mary), 
reigned as 

^8. William and Mary. They were succeeded by 
her sister 

:29. Anne, who leaving no children and the chil- 
dren of her father James II., by his second 
wife, Mary Beatrice of Modena, having been 
excluded from the throne by act of Parlia- 
ment, the crown passed to George, Elector of 
Hanover, son of Sophia, the daughter of Eliz- 
abeth, wife of the titular King of Bohemia, 
Frederick Elector Palatine, and daughter of 
James I. Thus in accordance with the Act of 
Settlement the crown devolved upon the 
great grandson of James I., 

50. George I., who was succeeded by his only son, 



ORDER OF SUCCESSION. 37 

SI. George II., who was succeeded by his grand- 
son, eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, 

32. George III. , who was succeeded by his eldest 
son, who had been Prince Regent, 

33. George IV., who was succeeded by his broth- 
er, third son of George III., 

34. William IV. , who was succeeded by his niece, 
the only daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, 
fourth son of George III., 

35. Victoria, Queen regnant of England. 



ROMAN DATES. 

B.C. 1230. (Supposed) Pelasgic migration to Italy. 
1183. (Supposed) Arrival of ^neas in Latium. 
753. Foundation of the City of Eome (A. U. C.) 
750. Union of the Eomans and Sabines. 
717. Death of Eomulus. 
716. Accession of Numa Pompilius. 
679. TuUus Hostilius. 

640. Ancus Martins. 

618. Tarquinius Priscus. 

578. Servius TuUius. 

534. Tarquinius Superbus. 

509. Expulsion of the Tarquins. Kings replaced 

by Consuls. 
507. War with Lars Porsena. 
498. Lartius created first Dictator. 
493. People go to Mons Sacer and Tribunes ap- 
pointed. 
443. Censorship instituted. 
395. Veil taken by Camillus. 
391. Gauls im^ade Italy for the first time. 
390. Eome sacked. Gauls defeated by Camillus. 
384. Manlius put to death for treason. 
363. Curtius devotes himself in the Eoman Forum. 



ROMAN DATES. 39 

343. Beginning of the Samnite War. 

339. Manlius put to death for disobedience. 

339. Decius devotes himself for his country. 

321. Romans defeated by Samnites pass under 

the yoke. 
282. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, invades Italy. 
272. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius Dentatus. 
270. Tarentum surrenders to the Pomans. 
264. Beginning of the First Punic War. 
260. Carthaginians defeated by Duilius. 
256. Regulus defeated by Xantippus. 
241. End of First Punic War. 
234. Temple of Janus shut for the second time 

since the building of the City. 
229. War w^ith the Illyrians. 
225. Second invasion by Gauls, defeated by Mar- 

cellus. 
218. Second Punic War. 
218. Hannibal crosses the Alps, 
218. Battle of Ticinus and Trebia. 
217. Battle of Lake Thrasymene. 
216. Battle of Cannae. 

215. Fabius Cunctator resigns his consulship. 
214. Hannibal winters in Capua. 
214. Fabius reappointed Consul. 



40 ROMAN DATES. 

214. War with Macedon. 

213. Scipio opposes Asdrubal in Spain. 

:212. Marcellus takes Syracuse and Archimedes 

slain. 
208. Asdrubal crosses the Alps. 
207. Asdrubal defeated and slain. 
:202. Battle of Zama and end of the Second Punic 

War. 
197. Philip conquered by the Romans. 
192. War against Antiochus. 
189. Death of Hannibal. 
171. Beginning of Second Macedonian War. 
168. Macedon becomes a Roman Province. 
149. Third Punic War begins. 
146. Carthage destroyed by Scipio ; Corinth by 

Mummius. 
133. Sedition of Tiberius G-racchus. 
123. Sedition of Caius G-racchus, 
111. Jugurthine War begins and lasts five years. 
1 00. Julius Caesar born (4th of July). 

91. Social War begins and lasts three years. 

■88. Mithridatic War begins and lasts twenty-two 
years. 

87. Civil War between Sulla and Marius. 

71. Insurrection of Slaves under Spartacus. 



ROMAN DATES. 41 

M. Mithridates conquered by Pompey. 

60. First Triumvirate, Cgesar, Crassus, and Poni- 

65. Caesar invades Britain. 

49. Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. 

48. Battle of Pharsalia, and death of Pompey. 

46. War in Africa and death of Cato. 

44. Caesar murdered in the Senate House. 

43. Second Triumvirate^ Octavius, Antony and 
Lepidus. 

43. Proscription and death of Cato. 

31. Battle of Actium, between Antony and Au- 
gustus. 

30. Death of Antony and Cleopatra. 

27. Octavius Caesar receives the imperial title of 
Augustus. 

A.D. Christian Era. Christ was born four years 
before the Vulgar Era. 

14. Augustus died. 

51. Caractacus carried captive to Eome. 

64. First general persecution of the Christians. 

70. Siege and destruction of Jerusalem. 

79. Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum by 
Vesuvius . 

^8. The Dacian War. 



^2 ROMAN DATES. 

107. Third general persecution of the Chris- 
tians. 

121. Wall in Britain built by Adrian against the- 
Picts and Scots. 

132. Great rebellion of the Jews. 

162. The Parthian War began. 

169. War with the Marcomanni. 

200. Eoman Empire offered for sale. 

200. Severus subdues the Parthians. 

325. First general council of Nice. 

325. Christianity made the religion of state. 

328. Capital removed from Eome to Byzantium. 

337. Destruction of the Flavian family. 

376. Goths settle in Thrace and Huns enter 
Europe. 

379. Theodosius reunites the Eastern and West- 
ern Empires. 

395. Death of Theodosius, and final separation of 
the Empire. 

406. Vandals and Alans settle in Gaul. 

410. Alaric takes Eome. 

412. Establishment of Vandal kingdom in SpaiUy 
under Genseric. 

415. Establishment of Visigoth kingdom in Spain^ 
under Ataulphus. 



ROMAN DATES. * 43 

449. Eomans abandon Britain, and Saxon Inva- 
sion. 

453. Final subversion of the Koman Empire. 

455. Eome plundered by African Vandals under 
Genseric. 

476. Augustulus resigns his throne to Odoacer, 
King of the Heruli. 

EOMAN KINGS 

1. Romulus. 

2. Numa Pompilius. 

3. Tullus Hostilius. 

4. Ancus Martins. 

5. Tarquinius Priscus. 

6. Servius Tullius. 

7. Tarquinius Superbus. 

Kingly government in Rome, from 753 B.C. 

to 509 B.C. 
Roman Republic, 509 B.C. to 27 B.C. 
Roman Empire, 27 B.C. to 453 a.d. 



ROMAN EMPERORS, 



B.C. 2( 


r. 1, Augustus Osesar. 


A.D. 14. 2, Tiberius. 


37. 


3, Caligula. 


41. 


4, Claudius. 


54 


5, Nero. 


68. 


Q, Galba. 


69, 


7, Otho. 


69. 


8;Vitellius. 


69. 


9, Vespasian. 


79. 


10, Titus. 


81. 


11, Domitian. 


96. 


12, Nerva. 


98. 


13, Trajan. 


117. 


14," Adrian. 


138. 


15, Antoninus Pius. 


161. 


16, Marcus Aurelius and Verus. 


180. 


17, Commodus. 


193. 


18, Pertinax. 


193. 


19, Didius. 


193. 


20, Severus. 


211. 


21, Caracalla and Geta. 


217. 


22, Macrinus. 


218. 


23, Heliogabalus. 



ROMAN EMPERORS. 45 

222. 24. Alexander Severus. 
235. 25, Maximinus. 
237. 26, Gordian I. 

237. 27, Gordian II. 

238. 28 and 29, Pupienus and Balbinus. 
238. 30, Gordian III. 

244. 31, Philip the Arabian, and his son, 

249. 32, Decins. 

251. 33, Gallus. 

253. 34, Emilianus. 

253. 35, Valerian. 

259. 36, Gallienus. 

268. 37, Claudius. 

270. 38, Aurehan. 

275. 39, Tacitus. 

276. 40, Probus. 
282. 41, Cams. 

284. 42, Diocletian, and 

285. 43, Maximian, and 

294. 44, Constantius Chlorus, and Galerius. 

306. 45, Constantine the Great. 

.337. 46, 47, 48, Constantine II., Constantius and 

Constans. 
360. 49, Julian, the Apostate. 
363. 50, Jovian. 



46 ROMAN EMPERORS. 

364. 51, 52, Valentinian I., and Valens. 
375. 53, Gratian, 
388. 54, Valentinian II. 
379. 55, Theodosius the Great. 
395. Arcadius, Emperor of the East, to 408. 
395. Honorius. Emperor of the West, to 423. 
Ten petty emperors succeeded Honorius 
in the West, 

475. of whom the last, Komuhis Augustulus, was 
banished by 

476. Odoacer, King of the Heruh, who founded 
the kingdom of Italy. Arcadius, Emperor 
of the East, was succeeded by Theodosius II., 
Marcian, Leo and Zeno. Theodoric, a hostage 
at the court 

493. of Zeno, founded the Kingdom of the Ostro- 
goths. 

First Century. 
Augustus Caesar, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, 
Nero, Galba, Otho, Yitellius, Vespasian, Titus, 
Domitian, Nerva, Trajan. 

Second Century. 
Adrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius and 
Verus, Commodus, Pertinax, Didius, Severus. 



ROMAN EMPERORS. 47 

Third Century. 

Caracalla and Geta ; Macrinus ; Heliogabalus ; 
Alexander Severus ; Maximinus ; Gordian I., Gor- 
dian II ; Pupienus and Balbinus ; Gordian III. ; 
Philip, the Arabian ; Decius ; Gallus, JEmilian ; 
Valerian and Gallianus ; Claudius 11. ; Aurelian ; 
Tacitus ; Probus ; Cams ; Carinus and Numerian ; 
Dioclesian and Maximian; Constantius Chlorus and 
Galerius. 

Fourth Century. 

Constantine the Great ; Constantine II., Coiistan 
tins and Constans ; Julian, the Apostate ; Jovian ; 
Valentinian I. and Valens ; Gratian ; Valentin ian 
11. ; Theodosius I. ; Arcadius^ emperor of the East 
and Honorius, emperor of the West. The last 
Eoman Emperor was Eomulus Augustulus, who re- 
signed A.D. 476, being conquered by Odoacer, King 
of the Heruli. 



EMPERORS OF GERMANY. 

A.D. 768 to 1806. 

768. 1, Charlemagne. 

814. 2, Louis the Pious. 

84:3. 3, Louis the German. 

876. 4, Charles the Fat. 

887. 6, Arnulf of Carinthia. 

899. 6, Louis the Child. 

House of Franconia. 
911. 7, Conrad L 

House of Saxony. 
919. 8, Henry I., the Fowler. 
936. 9, Otho the Great. 
973. 10, Otho XL 
983. 11, Otho in. 
1002. 12, Henry 11. 

House of Franconia. 
1024. 13, Conrad IL 
1039. 14, Henry III. 
1056. 15, Henry IV. 
1106. 16, Henry V. 
1125. 17. Lothaire the Saxon. 



GERMAN EMPERORS. 49 

House of Hohenstaufen. 
1138. 18, Conrad III. 
1152. 19, Frederick Barbarossa. 
1190. 20, Henry VI. 

1197. ( 21, Philip of Suabia to 1208. (Ghibelline). 
1197. I 22, Otho IV. (Guelph). 
1215. 23, Frederick II. 
1254. 24, Conrad IV. 

Interregnum 1256-73. 

William of Holland. 
Eichard of Cornwall. 
Alphonso of Castile. 

House of Hapsburg. 

1273. 28, Rudolf of Hapsburg. 

1292. 29, Adolphus of Nassau. 

1298. 30, Albert I. 

1308. 31, Henry VII. of Luxemburg. 

1314. ( 32, Louis of Bavaria. 

1314. ( 32, Frederick the Fair. 

1347. 33, Charles IV. of Luxemburg. 

1378. 34, Wenceslaus. 

1400. 35, Robert, or Rupert. 

1410. 36, Sigismond. 

1437. 37, Albert II. (Austrian Line). 




1440. 


38, 


1493. 


39, 


1520. 


40, 


1556. 


41, 


1564. 


42, 


1576. 


43, 


1612. 


44, 


1619. 


45, 


1637. 


46, 


3 657. 


47, 



50 GERMAN EMPERORS. 

Frederick III. 
Maximilian I. 

Charles V. of Spain. 

Ferdinand I. 

Maximilian II. 

Rudolph II. 

Matthias. 

Ferdinand II. 

Ferdinand III. 

Leopold I. 
1705. 48, Joseph I. 
1711. 49, Charles VI. 
1742. ( 50, Charles VII. to 1745. 
1745. (51, Francis I. married Maria Theresa, 1740 

to 1780. 
1765. 52, Joseph II. 
1790. 53, Leopold II. 
1792. 54, Francis II. 

Francis II. was crowned Emperor of Austria 
August 10, 1804. He renounced all claim to the 
title of Emperor of Germany, August 6, 1806. Thus 
ends the old Empire of Germany. 



GERMAN EMPERORS. 61 

THE NEW GERMAN EMPIRE. 

HOHENZOLLERN. 

This family trace their descent from Thasillo, 
800. c. who was Count of ZoUen in the ninth 

1200. c. century. In the thirteenth century they 
became hereditary burgraves of Nuremberg. 

1415. Frederick YI. was made first 

ELECTOR OF BRANDENBURG. 



1415. 


1, 


Frederick I. 


1440. 


2, 


Frederick II. 


1471. 


3, 


Albert Achilles. 


1486. 


^, 


John Cicero. 


1499. 


5, 


Joachim I. 


1535. 


6, 


Joachim II. 


1571. 


7, 


John George. 


1598. 


8, 


Joachim III. 


1608. 


9, 


John Si^ismmK 



First Protestant Elector. 



Prussia. 
1619. 10, George William. 

1648. 11, Frederick William, the Great Elector. 
1688. 12, Frederick, 1701, he became first 



52 GERMAN EMPERORS. 

KING OF PRUSSIA. 

1701. 13, Frederick I. 

1740. 14, Frederick II., the Great. 

^ 1786. 15, Frederick William 11. 

' 1797. 16, Frederick William III. 

1840. 17, Frederick William IV. 

1861. 18, William (regent in 1858) who was pro- 
claimed at Versailles, first 

GERMAN EMPEROR. 

1871. 18, William I. January 18, and died March 

9, 1888. 
1888. 19, Frederick III. March 9, and died June 

15, 1888. 
1888. 20, William IL 



' GENERAL INFORMATION 

ON THE 

CHIEF COUNTKIES AND EULING FAMILIES 
OF EUEOPE. 



GENERAL INFORMATION. 55 

THE NAPOLEON DYNASTY. 

Charles Bonaparte, native of Ajaccio, Corsica, born 
in 1746, died in 1785 ; married Letitia Kamo- 
lino, born in 1750, died in 1836, known as Ma- 
dame Mere. They had eight children: 
^ I. Joseph, born 1768, died 1811:, who was king of 
Naples and then of Spain. He married Made- 
moiselle Clary, sister-in-law of Bernadotte. He 
left two daughters, Zenaide, born in 1801, and 
died in 1844, who married her cousin Charles 
Bonaparte. And Charlotte, born 1802, and died 
1839, who married her cousin Napoleon Louis. 
IL Napoleon the Great. He was born in 1769 and 
died at St. Helena in 1821. He married, first, 
Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, widow of the 
Count de Beauharnais, by whom she had two 
children, Eugene de Beauharnais, and Hortense, 
who was married to Louis Bonaparte, King of 
Holland, and who became the mother of Louis 
Napoleon III. Napoleon, having divorced the 
Empress Josephine, married, secondly, 1810, 
Marie Louise, grandduchess of Austria. Their 
son, born in 1811 and died at Vienna in 1832, 
was created king of Rome. He is counted Na- 



56 GENERAL INFORMATION. 

poleon II. but was known during his brief life 
as Duke de Eeichstadt, which title was conferred 
on him by his grandfather, the Emperor of Aus- 
tria. 

III. Lucien, Prince of Canino, born 17Y5, died 1840, 
married first Christine Boyer, by whom he had 
two daughters, and secondly, Madame Jouber- 
thon, who had eight children. Of these the 
eldest son, Charles, born 1803, died 1857, married 
to his cousin Zenaide, was a distinguished or- 
nithologist. Louis Lucien, born in 1 8 1 3, is a phil- 
ologist. Prince Pierre, the youngest son, born 
in 1815, has become notorious from the killing 
of Victor Noir, a journalist, in 1870. Lucien, 
having refused his adhesion to his brother Na- 
poleon, his family was passed over in the impe- 
rial succession. 

IV. Elisa, Princess of Lucca and Piombino, Grand - 
duchess of Tuscany, born in 1777, died 1820, 
married Captain Felix Bacciochi, left one daugh- 
ter Elisa, ys^ho married Count Camerata. 

V. Louis, King of Holland, born 1778, died 1846, 

married Hortense de Beauharnais. Their chil- 
dren were Charles, born in 1802, died in 1807; 
JSTapoleon Louis, born 1804, died 1831, married 



GENERAL INFORMATION, 57 

to his cousin Charlotte ; and thirdly, Charles 
Louis, Napoleon III., born in 1808, died in 1873. 
He was elected President of the French Repub- 
lic in 18-1:8. In 1852 he was declared emperor. 
At the battle of Sedan, Sept. 2, 1870, he was 
taken prisoner by the Germans. On his release 

^ he went to England where he died in 1 873. He 
married, 1853, Eugenie, Comtesse de Montijo. 
Their son, Louis Eugene Napoleon, born 1856, 
killed by the Zulus in 1879, was Napoleon IV. 
He is commonly known as the Prince Imperial. 

TI. Pauhne ; born 1780, died 1825; married in ISOl 
to General Le Clerc, who died in 1802. In 1803, 
Pauline was married to Prince Camillo Bor- 
ghese. 

TIL Caroline, Queen of Naples, born 1782, died 
1839, married to Joachim Murat, King of Na- 
ples. Their son, Achille, married Mrs. White, 
of Florida, and died in 1847. Lucien married 
Carohne Eraser, of South Carolina, and died in 
1847. 

Till. Jerome, King of Westphaha, born 1784, died 
1860, married, first, Ehzabeth Patterson of Balti- 
more, December 24th, 1803. Having been re- 
quired to repudiate his American wife, he mar- 



58 GENERAL INFORMATION. 

ried Catherine, daughter of Frederick, King of 
WestphaHa. Their son, Joseph Napoleon, 
(Plon-plon), born 1822, married Clotilde of 
Savoy, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel of 
Italy. They have two sons. Prince Victor, 
who aspires to become Napoleon V., and Prince 
Louis. 

THE ORLEANS FAMILY. 

The direct line of Bourbon (the Spanish Bour- 
bons descended from Philip, grandson of Louis XIV., 
having solemnly renounced all right to the crown of 
France), became extinct with the death of Henry 
v., Duke of Bordeaux, commonly called the Comte 
de Chambord, born 1820, died 1884. He was 
the son of the Duke de Berri, assassinated in 1820, 
and of his wife Marie Caroline of Naples. The Duke 
de Berri was the younger and only surviving son of ^ 
Charles X., who was King of France from 1824 to 
1830, when he abdicated. The French then trans- 
ferred the crown to a descendant of the House of 
Orleans, Louis Philippe, King of the French, who in 
his turn abdicated during the revolution of 1 848. 
Louis XIIL, King of France (1610) [father of Louis- 
XIV. (1643)] had a younger son. 



GENERAL INFORMATION. 59 

Philip, Duke of Orleans, who married first Henri- 
etta of England, and second Charlotte of Ba- 
varia, father of 
Philip the Kegent, who married Mademoiselle de 

Blois. Their son, 
Louis, Duke of Orleans, married Madame de Montes- 

son. He was father of 
'Louis Philippe, whose son was 
Louis Philippe (Egalite), married to Mademoiselle 

de Penthievre. Then- son was 
Louis Philippe I., King of the French, who married 
Marie Amelie. He died in 1850. They had 
nine children : 
I. Ferdinand, Duke of Orleans, thrown from his car- 
riage and killed, in 1842. He married Helen 
of Mecklenburg, and left 

1st, Louis Philippe, Count of Paris, born 

1838, married Is^ibel of Montpensier. 
Children : Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, 
Amelie, married 18"86 to the Duke of 
Braganza. 
Helen. 
2d, Robert, Philip, Louis, Eugene, Duke de 
Chartres, married to Frangoise de Join- 
ville. 



60 GENERAL INFORMATION. 

They have a daughter AmeKe, married to 
Prince Waldemar of Denmark. 

II. Louise, married to Leopold I., King of Belgium. 

III. Louis, Duke de Nemours, born in 1814, married 
Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Grotha. 

1st, Louis-Philippe, Comte d'Eu, born in 
1842, married Isabel of Braganza of Brazil. 

2d, Ferdinand Philippe, Duke d'Alengon, 
born 1844. 

3d, Marie Adelaide, born 1846. 

4th, Blanche, born 1847. 

IV. Marie, married the Grand Duke of Wlirttem- 
berg, and died in 1839. 

V. Clementine, married the Prince of Saxe-Coburg- 

Gotha. 

VI. Frangois, Prince de Joinville, Admiral, born in 
1818, married Frangoise, Princess of Brazil. 
Their children are 

1st, Frangoise, born in 1844, married her 
cousin the Duke de Chartres. 

2d, Pierre, born in 1845, Duke de Pen- 
thievre. 

VII. Henri, Duke d'Aumale, born in 1820, General 
and Academician, married Caroline of Sicily. 



GENERAL INFORMATION. 61 

1st, Louis Philippe, Prince cle Conde, born 

in 1845, died in 1865. 
2d, Frangois, Duke de Guise, bom in 1852, 

died in 1867. 

VIII. Eobert, born in 1822, died young. 

IX. Antoine, Duke de Montpensier, born 1824, mar- 
ried the infanta Louise, daughter of Ferdinand 
VII. of Spain. 

1st, Isabel, born in 1818, married the Count 
of Paris. 

2d, Amelie, born in 1850. 

3d, Christine, born in 1852. 

4th, Ferdinand Antoine, born in 1859, mar- 
ried the infanta Eulalie. 

6th, Mercedes, born in 1860, married Alfon- 
so XII. of Spain, and died 1878. 

The present aspirants to the French throne are: 

Louis Philippe, Count of Paris, descended in the 8th 

generation from Louis XIII. . 
Don Carlos, Duke of Madrid, descended in the 7tli 

generation from Louis XIV. 
Prince Victor, grandson of Jerome, the youngest 

brother of Napoleon I. 



62 GENERAL INFORMATION. 

SPAIN. 

The Salic law had prevailed in Spain but it was 
revoked by Ferdinand VII. at the instigation of his 
wife, Queen Christina, so as to allow their eldest 
daughter Isabella, born 1830, to succeed to the throne. 
Ferdinand died Sept. 29th, 1833, and Isabella was 
proclaimed queen, and Christina, regent. The 
claims of Don Carlos, the late king's brother, were 
thus set aside. The Carhst war broke out and lasted 
seven years, when Don Carlos was banished by the 
Cortes. The queen was taken to France, and all 
power remained in the hands of Espartero. The 
young queen was married to her cousin Francisco 
d' Assisi in 1815, and began her reign. The revolu- 
tion of 1868 again drove her to France. A republi- 
can government was formed under Prim. In 1870 
she abdicated in favor of her son, Alfonso, Prince of 
Asturias. Marshal Prim offered the crown to va- 
rious princes and it was accepted by Victor Ama- 
deus, second son of Victor Emmanuel, who was 
elected king in 1870, but resigned the crown. 

The recommendation of the Spanish ministers that 
a German, Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigma- 
ringen, should fill the vacant throne, was one of the 



GENERAL INFORMATION. 63 

pretexts for the Franco -German war. Finally, in 
1872, the son of Isabella ascended the throne as Al- 
fonso XII. He died November, 1885. By his second 
wife, Maria Christina, now regent, he left a posthu- 
mous son, Alfonso XIII., born May 17, 1886, and a 
daughter, the Infanta Mercedes, born in 1880. 

POETUGAL. 

1195. Henry, grandson of Eobert of Burgundy, 

founded the kingdom of Portugal. 
1420. Era of maritime discoveries. 
1422. Alfonzo,Duke of Braganza, seized the throne. 
1498. Vasco de Gama doubled the Cape of Good 

Hope, and reached India. 
1510. Sumatra and Java discovered. 
1580. Portugal overrun by Spaniards under Alva. 
1640. Portugal regains independence. 

House of Bkaganza. 

1640. John IV. 

1656. Alfonso VI. 

1667. Pedro II. 

1706. John V. 

1750. Joseph Emmanuel 

1777. Maria. 



64: GENERAL INFORMATION. 

1807. Flight of royal family to Brazil. 

1816. JohnVI. 

1827. Maria da Gloria II. 

1853. Pedro V. 

1861. Louis I. succeeded his brother, and married 
Maria Pia, of Savoy. The heir apparent is Car- 
los, Duke of Braganza, born 1863. At the 
death of John VI., Don Pedro ceded the throne 
to his daughter Maria, who in 1836 married 
Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Don Pedro 
became Emperor of Brazil, 1822, and was suc- 
ceeded by his son Dom Pedro II. as Emperor of 
Brazil 1831. . 

ITALY. 

The kingdom of Italy was reunited in 1860, and 
Victor Emmanuel of Savoy, King of Sardinia, was 
proclaimed King of Italy. Victor Emmanuel died in 
1878, and was succeeded by Humbert I. , his son. 
Humbert married his cousin, Margaret of Savoy. 
The heir apparent is their only son, Victor Emma- 
nuel, Prince of Naples, born November 11, 1869. 

AUSTRIA- ^ 

Francis the First, the last Emperor of Germany 
and the first Emperor of Austria, August 10, 1804, 



GENERAL INFORMATION. 65 

died in 1835, and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand 
I., who abdicated in favor of his nephew, Francis 
Joseph I. in 1848. The Crown Prince Rudolph 
committed suicide in 1889. 

EUSSIA. 

The Normans dehvered Russia from the Tartar 
yoke. Ruric estabhshed his dynasty about 850 and 
it lasted until 1598. The House of Romanoff govern- 
ed from 1613 to 1762. Peter the Great, who died in 
1725, elevated Russia. The House of Holstein-Got- 
torp has governed since 1762. The Czar Paul, mur- 
dered in 1801. was succeeded by Alexander, who 
died in 1825. His brother Nicholas became Czar, 
March 2, 1855, and Avas succeeded by Alexander 11. 
He was murdered by Nihilists in 1881, and was suc- 
ceeded by his son, Alexander HI., the present Czar. 
The Czarina is Dagmar, daughter of the King of 
Denmark, and sister of the Princess of Wales. The 
Czarevitch Nicholas was born in 1868. 

SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 

Charles XIH., the last king of the House of Hoi- 
stein-Gottorp, in default of heirs, adopted Berna- 
dotte, one of Napoleon's ' generals, who succeeded 



^6 GENERAL INFORMATION. 

him in 1818 as Charles XIV. He died in 1844, and 
was succeeded by his son, Charles XV. The brother 
of Charles XV., the present King, Oscar II., began 
his reign in 1872. The heir apparent is Oscar Gus- 
taf, born June 16, 1858. 

DENMAEK. 

The House of Oldenburg has been on this throne 
since 1448. In 1801, the Danish fleet was destroyed 
by Nelson at the battle of Copenhagen. By its war 
with Germany in 1848, and again in 1864, the 
duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were wrested 
from it. The reigning king is Christian IX., father 
of the Princess of Wales and of the Empress of 
Kussia. He succeeded to the throne in 1863. The 
heir apparent is Prince Frederick, born 1843. 

BELGIUM. 

By the treaty of Luneville, 1801, Belgium was 
made part of France. By the congress of Vienna, 
]May, 1815, it was made part of Holland. William 
Frederick of Orange was declared king under the 
title of King of the Netherlands. In 1830, Belgium 
declared itself independent, and succeeded in estab- 
lishing a constitutional monarchy. The crown was 



GENERAL INFORMATION. 67 

accepted by Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 
widower of Princess Charlotte of England. He 
married secondly, Louise, daughter of Louis Phi- 
lippe. Leopold I. died in 1865. His son, Leopold 
n., born 1835, succeeded him. The heir presump- 
tive is the king's brother, Philip, Count of Flanders, 
jDorn in 1837. 

HOLLAND. 

Holland, or the kingdom of the Netherlands, is 
governed by King William HI., born in 1817, who 
succeeded his father in 1849. By his second wife, 
Princess Emma of Waldeck, he has an only daugh- 
ter, Wilhelmina, born Aug. 31, 1880, who is heiress 
presumptive to the crown. Salic law obtains in the 
Duchy of Luxemburg, which, on the death of 
William HI., will revert to Adolf, Duke of Nassau. 

GREECE. 

Greece, finding an opportunity to throw off the 
heavy yoke of Turkey, declared its independence in 
1822. Among the many Phil-Hellenists who sym- 
pathized with this struggle, was Lord Byron, who 
died at Missolonghi, in 1821. After the battle of 
Navarino, where the Turks were defeated by the 



'68 GENERAL INFORMATION. 

;allies in 1827, followed the Peace of Adrianople, 
which acknowledged the independence of Greece. 
The capital was fixed at Athens, and Otho of 
Bavaria, in 1833, became King of the Hellenes. In 
1863 he abdicated. The crown was offered to Prince 
Alfred of England, and various others, and was 
finally accepted by Christian IX. of Denmark for 
his second son, who began to reign as George I., 
King of the Hellenes, June 6th, 1863. He married 
in 1867, Olga, grandduchess of Eussia. The heir- 
apparent is their son, Constantino, Duke of Sparta, 
born August 2d, 1868. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 



THE TWENTY GREATER GODS. 



Xatin Names. 

1. Jupiter 

2. Neptune 

3. Pluto 

4. Juno 

5. Mars 

6. Vulcan 

7. Apollo 

8. Diana 

9. Venus 

10. Cupid 

11. Minerva 

12. Mercury 

13. Ceres 

14. Proserpine 

15. Bacchus 

16. Saturn 

17. Aurora 

18. Vesta 

19. Cybele 
-20. Tethys 



Greek Names. 

Zeus. 

Poseidon. 

Hades or Dis. 

Hera. 

Ares. 

Hephaestus. 

Phoebus. 

Artemis. 

Aphrodite. 

Eros. 

Pallas. 

Hermes. 

Demeter. 

Persephone. 

Dionysius. 

Kronos. 

Eos. 

Hestia. 

Ops. 

Amphitrite. 



70 GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

THE THREES GRACES. 

Daughters of Venus and Bacchus, 

Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia. 

THE THREE FATES. 

1. Clotho, who held the distaff. 

2. Lachesis, '' "' spindle. 

3. Atropos, '[ '' shears. 

THE NINE MUSES. 

DAUGHTERS OF JUPITER AND MNEMOSYNE (mEMORY)^ 
AND SISTERS OF APOLLO. 

1. Clio, history ; crown of laurel, trumpet and 
book. 

2. Calliope, Epic poetry ; same as Clio. 

3. Erato, lyric poetry ; roses and myrtle, lute and 
lyre. 

4. Euterpe, music ; flowers, a flute. 

6. Thalia, comedy ; holds a mask and crook. 

6. Melpomene, tragedy ; buskin, dagger, sceptre 
and crown. 

7. Terpsichore, dancing ; crown of laurel, musical 
instruments. 

8. Polymnia, rhetoric; veiled, jewel- crowned, a 
sceptre. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 71 

9. Urania, astronomy ; crown of stars, mathe- 
matical instruments. 

TWELVE LABORS OF HERCULES. 

DEMIGOD, SON OF JUPITER AND ALCMENA, THE WIFE 
OF AMPHITRYON. 

1. Killing the Nemean lion, 

2. Killing the hydra of Lerna. 

3. Capture of the hind of Mt. Menalus. 

4. Capture of the wild boar o'f Erymanthus. 

5. Cleaning the Augean stables. 

6. Extermination of the birds of Lake Stymphalis, 

7. Capture of the wild bull of Crete. 

8. Capture of the mares of Diomed. 

9. Obtaining the girdle Of Hippolyta, Queen of 
the xlmazons. 

10. Killing the monster Geryon. 

11. Taking golden apples from the garden of the 
Hesperides. 

12. Deliverance of Theseus, and chaining of Cer- 
berus. 

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD. 
I. Pyramids of Egypt, at G-izeh, largest built by- 
Cheops, about 900 B.C.; second by Chephr en, hi& 



72 GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

brother and successor, third by Mycsrlnus, son of 
Cheops. 

II. HANaiNG Gardens op Babylon, built by Nebu- 
chadnezzar, to gratify his wife, Amytis, daughter 
of the King of Media. 

III. Statue of Jupiter Olympus, at Olympus, 
made by Phidias, about 490 B.C., of ivory and gold ; 
height of statue seated, sixty feet. 

IV. Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, built about 570 
B.C.; partially burned the night Socrates was born 
(400 B.C.), restored with greater splendor, finally 
burned the night Alexander was born (356 B.C.) 

Y. The Mausoleum, the tomb built by Artemisia 
in honor of her husband Mausolus, king of Caria, 
who died 353 B.C. 

VI. The Pharos of Alexandria in Egypt, built 
by Ptolemy Soter, after the death of Alexander. 
The architect was Sostratus, the Cnidian. The 
tower was 450 feet high, and could be seen 100 
miles. 

VII. The Colossus of Ehodes, a statue of Apollo, 
m brass, 125 feet high, made by Chares of Lindus. 
It stood with one foot on each of the moles which 
formed the entrance to the harbor. Erected 300 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 73 

B.C., thrown down by an earthquake about 
240 B.C. 



SEVEN DECISIVE BATTLES. 

1. Marathon, Greeks over Persians, 490 B.C. 

2. The Issus, Alexander over Darius, 333 B.C. 

3. Actium, Octavius over Antony, 31 b. c. 

4. Chalons, Aetius over Attila, 451 a.d. 

5. Tours, Charles Martel over the Saracens, 732 

A.E. 

6. Lepanto, Austrians over Turks, 1571 a.d. 

7. Waterloo, English and Allies over French, 
JunelSth, 1815 a.d. 



SEVEN CHAMPIONS OF CHRISTENDOM. 

1. St. George of England. 

2. St. Andrew of Scotland. 

3. St. Patrick of Ireland. 

4. St. Denis of France. 

5. St. Anthony of Italy. 

6. St. James of Spain. 

7. St. Barnabas of Germany. 



^4 GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

SEVEN GREAT EPIC POETS. 

Virgil, The JEneid, Latin. 
TassOj Jerusalem Delivered, Italian. 
Camoens, The Lusiad, Portuguese. 
Klopstock, The Messiah, German. 
Milton, Paradise Lost, English. 
Voltaire, La Henriade, French. 

SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE 

1. Thales of Miletus. 

2. Bion of Priene. 

3. Pittacus of Mitylene. 

4. Cleobulus of Lindus. 

5. Periander of Corinth. 

6. Chilo of Sparta. 

7. Solon of Athens. 

SEVEN HILLS OF ROME. 

1. Capitoline. 

2. Palatine. 

3. Aventine. 

4. Esquiline. 

5. Quirinal. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS. 75 

6. Viminal. 

7. Coelian. 

Three added afterward : Janiculum, Vatican and 
Pincian. 

CEUSADES. 

FIRST CRUSADE. 

1096 to 1099. Godfrey de Bouillon heads it. Peter 
the Hermit preaches it. Jerusalem taken. 

SECOND CRUSADE. 

1146. Louis VII. of France, and the Emperor Con- 
1148. rad make an unsuccessful siege of Damascus. 
St. Bernard was its apostle. Overwhelmed 
by its disastrous end, he maintained that Je- 
rusalem could only be- rescued by the Inno- 
cents. This was the origin of the pathetic 
1212. tragedy known as the Children's Crusade. 

THIRD CRUSADE. 

1189 to 1192. Kichard Coeur de Lion, of England, 
Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, and Philip 
Augustus of France, against Saladin. Acre 

1190. taken. Barbarossa drowned in Cilicia. Rich- 
ard of England captured and confined in 
the castle of KieK el on the Rhine by Henry VI. 



T6 GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

FOURTH CRUSADE. 

1203. The Knights of France and Flanders, at the 
instigation of Pope Innocent III., proceeded 

1205. to the East. They captured Constantinople. 
Baldwin of Flanders was made Emperor. 

1261. The Empire lasted a half century. 

FIFTH CRUSADE. 

1228. Frederick II. proceeded to the Holy Land, 
under interdict of Pope Gregory IX. He 

1229. took Jerusalem and crowned himself there, 
after obtaining the cession of Jerusalem, 
Nazareth, Bethlehem, and a strip of coast. 

SIXTH CRUSADE. 

124:8 to 1254. St. Louis, of France, proceeded by 
way of Egypt, where he was taken prisoner. 

SEVENTH CRUSADE. 

1270. Under the auspices of Clement IV., Saint 
Louis embarked. Driven by a storm to Tunis, 
he died there of the plague. 

Prince Edward, afterward Edward I., pro- 

1271. ceeded to the Holy Land, and took Nazareth. 
He concluded a peace for ten years. There 
were three minor and unsuccessful crusades.- 



